Los Comunistas
Los comunistas son truhanes
Que quieren hacer del mundo
Un asqueroso e inmundo
Imperio de barbajanes.
Los Comunistas
SON LO QUE SOÑANDO ESTAN
EN LA PESCA DEL PANADERO,
ESO SI ....! PICANDO ESTAN
PERO LEJOS DEL AGUJERO1
De comunistas buscones
Se halla lleno el ambiente,
Y ante el ruso pretendiente
Se arrastran los lambiscones,
De los indignos buscones
La desverguenza ya espanta,
Y la popular garganta
Solo arroja imprecaciones.
Los comunistas son truhanes
Que quieren hacer del mundo
Un asqueroso e inmundo
Imperio de babajanes.
La turba del Comunismo
Entre chifidos de ira,
Contra de la Nacion gira
En alas de iscariotismo.
Pueden disculparse empero
Por su falta de mollera,
! A la mejor guisadera,
Se le va un chile entero !
Flaquezas del organismo
Que nadie evitar procura,
Les dieron la chifladura
De meterse al Comunismo
Se dejaron encampar
Por volcheviques.....añejos
Que todo veian de lejos
Y solo sabian lucrar.
El Comunismo apenas
Agita a la Nacion
Siembra la division
Y remacha las cadenas.
Como Juanes Panaderos,
Lideres temibles y audaces,
Agitan a plebes procaces
Al afirmarles severo:
" A los que en forma abusiva,
De hambre sacan buen gajo;
No hay que buscarlos abajo
Hay que buscarlos arriba.
" A monopolistas venales,
Lideres enriquecidos,
Periodistas corrompidos
Y politicos briagadales"...
Parece gente sencilla
Que lucha por el honor,
Pero el Comunismo, señor.
! Es baldon , lodo , mancilla !
Mientras el pueblo resista
Al comunero enjambre
Lo bailaran de un alambre
Como chango equilibrista.
Quieren al mundo rusificar
Para clavarles las garras...
! Que se pongan antiparras,
Porque van a tropezar !
Partido sin consisntencia
Y sin honor blasonado.
Es organismo formado
Por los hombres sin conciencia.
Comuneros de alquiles
A aceptar son obligados,
Mas se veran apurados
Para llenar su deber.
Al ruso le piden " lanas"
De las que siempre esta lleno
Para ingertar su veneno
en tierras americanas.
Marchan por malos caminos
Y les va a fallar el calibre,
! Mexico es un pueblo libre
Que reconoce sus destinos !
El Comunismo fue fundado,
Por marxistas nada probos,
Para engañar a los bobos
Y " comerles el mandado"
Es el sucio lagartijo
Del comunismo unsubstancial,
Que el ruso sacarreal
Quema incienso de fijo.
Hoy el comunista enredo
Que a buen fin no va a llegar,
Le quiere a los pueblos dar:
! Puro atole con el dedo !
El Comunismo gozoso
? Nuestras leyes pisoteara,
Y de riquezas ansioso;
A la Nacion saqueara?
A nuestra patria adorada
Vereis no volvais los ojos
Juguete de sus antojos.
Por la Rusia pisoteada?
Si las obras son amores
Y no las razones buenas,
Que dejen casas ajenas
Los rojizos " redentores"
Vendran tiempos bonacibles
Sin divisiones ni enojos
Cuando se vayan los rojos
A los diablos invisibles.
! Abajo los abusados
Que solo van tras el fiambre,
Y viven matando de hambre
A los pueblos sojuzgados!
Tuesday, February 23, 2010
El Rey Don Juan Carlos Discurso 23 F
Mientras proyectaban una
horrible comedia de Bob Hope
el Rey Don Juan Carlos hablo
al pueblo español
Juan Carlos I
King of Spain (more)
Reign 22 November 1975 – present
Anointment 27 November 1975
Predecessor Alfonso XIII
Heir apparent Felipe, Prince of Asturias
Consort Sophia of Greece and Denmark
Issue
Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo
Infanta Cristina, Duchess of Palma de Mallorca
Felipe, Prince of Asturias
Full name
Juan Carlos Alfonso Víctor María
House House of Borbon[1][2]
Father Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona
Mother Princess Maria Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies
Born 5 January 1938 (age 72)
Rome, Italy
Religion Roman Catholic
Spanish Royal Family
HM The King
HM The Queen
HRH The Prince of Asturias
HRH The Princess of Asturias
HRH Infanta Leonor
HRH Infanta Sofía
HRH The Duchess of Lugo
HRH The Duchess of Palma de Mallorca
HE The Duke of Palma de Mallorca
Extended royal family[show]
v • d • e
Royal styles of
King Juan Carlos I
Reference style His Majesty
Spoken style Your Majesty
Alternative style Sire
Juan Carlos I of Spain (baptized as Juan Carlos Alfonso Víctor María de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias; born 5 January 1938) is the reigning King of Spain.[3] He is the son of the late Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona and the late Princess María Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. He is the grandson of the prior King of Spain, Alfonso XIII who was deposed in 1931.
On 22 November 1976, two days after the death of dictator Francisco Franco, Juan Carlos was designated King according to the law of succession promulgated by Franco. The Spanish throne had been vacant for thirty-eight years in 1969 when Franco named Juan Carlos as the next ruler of Spain.[4] The Spanish Constitution of 1978, Title II: the Crown, Article 56, Subsection 1, affirms the role of the Spanish monarch as the personification and embodiment of the Spanish nation, a symbol of Spain's enduring unity and permanence; and as such, the monarch is the head-of-state and commander-in-chief of the Spanish Armed Forces in a system known in Spanish as "monarquía parlamentaria".[5][6]
King Juan Carlos successfully oversaw the transition of Spain from dictatorship to parliamentary democracy. Polls from 2000 show that he is widely approved of by Spaniards.[7] In 2008 he was considered the most popular leader in all Ibero-America.[8]
Contents [hide]
1 Early life
2 Prince of Spain, 1969-1975
3 Restoration of the monarchy
4 Attempted coup d'état
5 Role in contemporary Spanish politics
6 Family and private life
7 Titles, styles, honours and arms
7.1 Titles
7.1.1 Titles in official use
7.2 Honours
7.2.1 Other honours
8 Lawsuit
9 Ancestors
10 See also
11 References
11.1 Notes
12 External links
[edit]Early life
Juan Carlos was born in Rome, where King Alfonso XIII and other members of the Spanish royal family had settled following the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic in 1931. His early life was dictated largely by the political concerns of his father and General Franco. He moved to Spain in 1948 to be educated there after his father persuaded Franco to allow this. He began his studies in San Sebastián and finished them in 1954 at the San Isidro Institute in Madrid. He then joined the army, doing his officer training from 1955 to 1957 at the Military Academy of Saragossa.
Juan Carlos has two sisters and one brother: Infanta Pilar, Duchess of Badajoz (born 1936), and Infanta Margarita, Duchess of Soria (born 1939) and his younger brother Infante Alfonso
In March 1956, Juan Carlos's younger brother Alfonso died in a gun accident at the family's home Villa Giralda in Estoril, Portugal. The Spanish Embassy in Portugal issued an official communiqué:[9]
Whilst His Highness Prince Alfonso was cleaning a revolver last evening with his brother, a shot was fired hitting his forehead and killing him in a few minutes. The accident took place at 20.30 hours, after the Infante's return from the Maundy Thursday religious service, during which he had received holy communion.
Very quickly, however, rumours appeared in newspapers that the gun had actually been held by Juan Carlos at the moment the shot was fired. Josefina Carolo, dressmaker to Juan Carlos's mother, said that Juan Carlos pointed the pistol at Alfonso and pulled the trigger, unaware that the pistol was loaded. Bernardo Arnoso, a Portuguese friend of Juan Carlos, also said that Juan Carlos fired the pistol knowing that it was loaded, and adding that the bullet ricocheted off a wall hitting Alfonso in the face. Helena Matheopoulos, a Greek author who spoke with Juan Carlos's sister Pilar, said that Alfonso had been out of the room and when he returned and pushed the door open, the door knocked Juan Carlos in the arm causing him to fire the pistol.[10]
From 1957 Juan Carlos spent a year in the naval school at Pontevedra and another in the Air Force school in San Javier in Murcia. In 1961 he graduated from the Complutense University[citation needed]. He then went to live in the Palace of Zarzuela, and began carrying out official engagements.
[edit]Prince of Spain, 1969-1975
The dictatorial regime of Francisco Franco had come to power during the Spanish Civil War, which had pitted anarchists, socialists, and Communists supported by the Soviet dictator Stalin and by international volunteers, against conservatives, monarchists, nationalists, and fascists, with the latter group ultimately emerging successful with the support of neighbouring Portugal and the major European Axis powers of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. Despite his alliance with monarchists, Franco was not eager to restore the deposed Spanish monarchy once in power, preferring to head a regime with himself as head of state for life. Though Franco's partisan supporters generally accepted this arrangement for the present, much debate quickly ensued over who would replace Franco upon his death. The far right factions demanded the return of a hardline absolute monarchy, and eventually Franco agreed that his successor would be a monarch. Franco, a Carlist, had no intention of restoring the constitutional form of monarchy known during the 19th Century or the republican form of government created by the Spanish Constitution of 1931.
The heir to the throne of Spain was Juan de Borbón (Count of Barcelona), the son of the late Alfonso XIII. However, General Franco viewed the heir with extreme suspicion, believing him to be a liberal who was opposed to his regime. Franco then considered giving the Spanish throne to Juan Carlos's cousin Alfonso, Duke of Anjou and Cádiz. Alfonso was known to be an ardent Francoist and would marry Franco's granddaughter, Doña María del Carmen Martínez-Bordiú y Franco in 1972. In response, Juan Carlos started to use his second name Carlos to assert his claim to the heritage of the Carlist branch of his family.
Ultimately, Franco decided to skip a generation and name Prince Juan Carlos as his personal successor. Franco hoped the young Prince could be groomed to take over the nation while still maintaining the ultraconservative nature of his regime. In 1969, Juan Carlos was officially designated heir and was given the new title of Prince of Spain (not the traditional Prince of Asturias). As a condition of being named heir-apparent, he had to swear loyalty to Franco's Movimiento Nacional, which he did with little outward hesitation.
Juan Carlos met and consulted Franco many times while heir apparent and often performed official and ceremonial state functions alongside the dictator, much to the anger of hardline republicans and more moderate liberals, who had hoped that Franco's death would bring in an era of reform. During those years, Juan Carlos publicly supported Franco's regime. However, as the years progressed, Juan Carlos began meeting with political opposition leaders and exiles, who were fighting to bring liberal reform to the country. He also had secret conversations with his father over the phone. Franco, for his part, remained largely oblivious to the prince's actions and denied allegations that Juan Carlos was in any way disloyal to his vision of the regime.
During periods of Franco's temporary incapacity in 1974 and 1975 Juan Carlos was acting head of state. Near death, on 30 October 1975, Franco gave full control to Juan Carlos. On 22 November, following Franco's death, the Cortes Generales proclaimed Juan Carlos King of Spain and on 27 November, Juan Carlos was anointed as King in a ceremony called Holy Spirit Mass, which was the equivalent to a coronation, at the Jerónimos Church in Madrid.
[edit]Restoration of the monarchy
After dictator Franco's death, Juan Carlos I quickly instituted reforms, to the great displeasure of Falangist and conservative (monarchist) elements, especially in the military, who had expected him to maintain the authoritarian state. He appointed Adolfo Suárez, a former leader of the Movimiento Nacional, as Prime Minister of Spain.
Juan Carlos greeting Nicolae Ceauşescu, President of Romania, during his visit to Spain in 1979
On 20 May 1977, the leader of the only recently legalized Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) Felipe González, accompanied by Javier Solana, visited Juan Carlos in the Zarzuela Palace. The event represented a key endorsement of the monarchy from Spain's political left, who had been historically republican. Left-wing support for the monarchy grew when the Communist Party of Spain was legalized shortly thereafter, a move Juan Carlos had pressed for, despite enormous right-wing military opposition at that time, during the Cold War.
On 15 June 1977, Spain held its first post-Franco democratic elections. In 1978, a new Constitution was promulgated that acknowledged Juan Carlos as rightful heir of the Spanish dynasty and King; specifically, Title II, Section 57 asserted Juan Carlos' right to the throne of Spain by dynastic succession in the Borbón tradition, as "the legitimate heir of the historic dynasty" rather than as the designated successor of Franco.[5][11] The Constitution was passed by the democratically elected Constituent Cortes, ratified by the people in a referendum (6 December) and then signed into law by the King before a solemn meeting of the Cortes.
Further legitimacy had been restored to Juan Carlos´ position on 14 May 1977, when his father, Don Juan (whom many monarchists had recognized as the legitimate, exiled King of Spain during the Franco era), formally renounced his claim to the Throne and recognized his son as the sole head of the Spanish Royal House, transferring to him the historical heritage of the Spanish monarchy, thus making Juan Carlos both the de facto and the de jure (rightful) King in the eyes of the traditional monarchists. Juan Carlos, who had already been King since Franco's death, gave an acceptance address after his father’s resignation speech and thanked him by confirming the title of Count of Barcelona that Don Juan had assumed in exile. It was a sovereign title associated to the crown.
[edit]Attempted coup d'état
Under the new 1978 Constitution Juan Carlos relinquished absolute power and became a reigning but non-ruling monarch. The reforms of these years attracted considerable animosity from the armed forces, which ultimately culminated in an attempted military coup on 23 February 1981, in which the Cortes were seized by members of the Guardia Civil in the parliamentary chamber (see 23-F). According to the widely accepted version, the coup ended up being thwarted by the public television broadcast by the King, calling for unambiguous support for the legitimate democratic government. In the hours before his speech, he had personally called many senior military figures to tell them that he was opposed to the coup, and that they had to defend the democratic government. However, some authors (like Ronald Hilton) cast doubt over the King's role in the events. According to an unauthorized biography of Juan Carlos,[12] the coup was actually organized by the Spanish establishment to neutralize the risk of a real coup by the army, moderate the leftwingers' reformist demands, and increase Juan Carlos's popularity.
When Juan Carlos became King, Communist leader Santiago Carrillo nicknamed him Juan Carlos the Brief, predicting that the monarchy would soon be swept away with the other remnants of the Franco era. After the collapse of the attempted coup mentioned above, however, in an emotional statement, Carrillo told television viewers: "God save the King." The Communist leader also remarked: "Today, we are all monarchists." If public support for the monarchy among democrats and leftists before 1981 had been limited, following the King's handling of the coup, it became significantly greater. According to a poll in the newspaper El Mundo in November 2005, 77.5% of Spaniards thought Juan Carlos was "good or very good", 15.4% "not so good", and only 7.1% "bad or very bad". Even so, the issue of the monarchy re-emerged on 28 September 2007 as photos of the King were burnt in public in Catalonia by relatively small groups of protesters wanting the restoration of the Republic.[13]
In July 2000, Juan Carlos was the target of an enraged protester (and some think a possible royal assassin) when Juan María Fernández y Krohn,[14] who had previously tried to take the life of Pope John Paul II, began shouting "Murderer, murderer" at the King (in reference to the adolescent shooting of the King's younger brother) and then approached him in a very threatening manner.
[edit]Role in contemporary Spanish politics
The election of socialist leader Felipe González to the Spanish prime ministership in 1982 marked the effective end of the King's active involvement in Spanish politics. González would govern for over a decade, and his administration helped consolidate the democratic gains and thus maintained the stability of the nation. Today the King exercises little real power over the country's politics, but is regarded as an essential symbol of the country's unity. Under the constitution, the King has immunity from prosecution in matters relating to his official duties. This is so because every act of the King as such (and not as a citizen) needs to be undersigned by a government official, thus making the undersigner responsible instead of the king. Offences against the honour of the Royal Family are specially protected by the Spanish Penal Code. Under this protection, Basque independentist Arnaldo Otegi[15] and cartoonists from El Jueves were tried and punished.
The King gives an annual speech to the nation on Christmas Eve. He is the commander-in-chief of the Spanish armed forces. There was some controversy when he spoke in support of the return of Gibraltar in 1991 at the United Nations General Assembly, where he described the issue as "an unresolved colonial problem which affects Spain's territorial integrity".[citation needed]
In 1979, Juan Carlos instituted the Ruta Quetzal as a way to promote cultural exchange between students from Spain and Latin America. In 1987, he became the first King of Spain to visit the former Spanish possession of Puerto Rico.
When the media asked Juan Carlos in 2005 if he would endorse the bill legalizing gay marriage that was then being debated in the Cortes Generales, he answered "Soy el Rey de España y no el de Bélgica" ("I am the King of Spain, not of Belgium") – a reference to King Baudouin I of Belgium, who refused to sign the Belgian law legalising abortion.[16] The King gave his Royal Assent to Law 13/2005 on 1 July 2005; the law legalizing gay marriage was gazetted in the Boletín Oficial del Estado on 2 July, and came into effect on 3 July.[17]
In November 2007 at the Ibero-American Summit in Santiago de Chile, during a heated exchange, Juan Carlos interrupted Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez and asked him, "¿Por qué no te callas?" ("Why don't you shut up?"). Chávez had been interrupting the Spanish Prime Minister, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, while the latter was defending his predecessor and political opponent, José María Aznar, after Chávez had referred to Aznar as a fascist and "less human than snakes". The King shortly afterwards left the hall when President Daniel Ortega of Nicaragua accused Spain of intervention in his country's elections and complained about some Spanish energy companies working in Nicaragua.[18] This was an unprecedented diplomatic incident and a rare display of public anger by the King.[19]
[edit]Family and private life
King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofia with President George W. Bush and Laura Bush (2001).
Juan Carlos was married in Athens at the Church of Saint Dennis on 14 May 1962, to HRH Princess Sophia of Greece and Denmark, daughter of King Paul. She was Greek Orthodox but converted to Roman Catholicism in order to become Spain's Queen. They have two daughters, Infanta Elena and Infanta Cristina, and a son, the heir apparent, Felipe.
In 1972, Juan Carlos, a keen sailor, competed in the Dragon class event at the Olympic Games, though he did not win any medals. In their summer holidays, the whole family meets in Marivent Palace (Palma de Mallorca) and the Fortuna yacht, where they take part in sailing competitions. The king has manned the Bribón series of yachts. In winter, they usually go skiing in Baqueira-Beret and Candanchú (Pyrenees), where the king has occasionally ended with a broken leg.
Juan Carlos also enjoys bear hunting. In October 2004, he angered environmental activists after killing nine bears (of which one was a pregnant female) in central Romania.[20] In August 2006, it is alleged that Juan Carlos shot a drunken tame bear (Mitrofan) during a private hunting trip to Russia. The office of the Spanish Monarchy denies this claim, which was made by the Russian regional authorities.[21]
Juan Carlos and Sophia are fluent in several languages. They both speak Spanish, English and French. The King speaks fluent Italian and Portuguese. Unlike the Queen, Juan Carlos does not speak German, or her native language, Greek, a fact he regrets.
Juan Carlos is an amateur radio operator and holds the call sign EA0JC. His fondness of incognito motorbike riding has raised urban legends of people finding him on lonely roads.
Juan Carlos is member of the World Scout Foundation.[22]
[edit]Titles, styles, honours and arms
[edit]Titles
Main article: List of titles and honours of Juan Carlos I of Spain
Main article: List of titles and honours of the Spanish Crown
The Coat of arms of the King of Spain.
The Standard of the King of Spain.
The king is featured on the Spanish 1 and 2 euro coins
The current Spanish constitution refers to the monarchy as "the Crown of Spain" and the constitutional title of the monarch is simply Rey/Reina de España: that is, "king/queen of Spain". However, the constitution allows for the use of other historic titles pertaining to the Spanish monarchy, without specifying them. A decree promulgated 6 November 1987 at the Council of Ministers regulates the titles further, and on that basis the monarch of Spain has a right to use ("may use") those other titles appertaining to the Crown. Contrary to some belief, the long titulary that contains the list of over 20 kingdoms, etc., is not in state use, nor is it used in Spanish diplomacy. In fact, it has never been in use in that form, as "Spain" was never a part of the list in pre-1837 era when the long list was officially used.
This feudal style was last used officially in 1836, in the titulary of Isabella II of Spain before she became constitutional Queen.
Juan Carlos's titles include that of King of Jerusalem, as successor to the royal family of Naples.
[edit]Titles in official use
King of Spain, of Castile, of León, of Aragon, of the Two Sicilies (Naples and Sicily), of Jerusalem, of Navarre, of Granada, of Toledo, of Valencia, of Galicia, of Majorca, of Seville, of Sardinia, of Cordoba, of Corsica, of Murcia, of Menorca, of Jaen, of the Algarves, of Algeciras, of Gibraltar, of the Canary Islands, of the Spanish East and West Indies and of the Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea;
Archduke of Austria;
Duke of Burgundy, of Brabant, of Milan, and of Neopatra (New Patras);
Count of Habsburg, of Flanders, of Tyrol, of Roussillon and of Barcelona;
Lord of Biscay and of Molina
[edit]Honours
Sovereign of the Order of the Golden Fleece (Spain)
Grand Master of the Royal and Distinguished Order of Charles III (Spain)
Grand Master of the Royal Order of Isabel the Catholic (Spain)
Grand Master of the Royal and Military Order of St. Hermenegildo (Spain)
Grand Master of the Royal and Military Order of Saint Ferdinand (Spain)
Knight Grand Cross of Justice of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George[23]
Knight of the Order of Saint Januarius[24]
974th Knight of the Order of the Garter
Aquel 23 F en Madrid .....Prueba de Fuego
Hoy se cumplen 19 años del 23 F .
Nunca he olvidado la incertidumbre
que vivio el pueblo español. Fueron
horas terribles . Fue una prueba de
fuego a la recien nacida Democracia
Española.
Golpe de Estado en España de 1981
El fallido golpe de Estado del 23 de febrero de 1981 en España, también conocido como 23-F, fue un intento de golpe de Estado perpetrado por algunos mandos militares, siendo la parte más representativa el asalto al Congreso de los Diputados por un numeroso grupo de guardias civiles a cuyo mando se encontraba el teniente coronel de la Guardia Civil Antonio Tejero, durante la votación del candidato a la Presidencia del Gobierno, Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo, de la UCD.
Contenido [ocultar]
1 Antecedentes
1.1 Operación Galaxia
1.2 Crisis
1.3 Dimisión de Suárez
1.4 Sesión de investidura
2 El asalto al Congreso de los Diputados
2.1 Grabado en directo
2.2 Sublevación en Valencia
2.3 Gobierno provisional de subsecretarios
2.3.1 Negativa del Rey
2.4 La actitud de Armada
2.5 Intervención televisiva del Rey
3 Reacciones internacionales
3.1 Estados Unidos
3.2 Vaticano
4 El juicio y las consecuencias del golpe
4.1 El papel del CESID
4.2 El "Elefante Blanco"
5 Véase también
6 Referencias
7 Bibliografía
8 Enlaces externos
Antecedentes [editar]
El golpe de estado de 1981 se encuentra estrechamente relacionado con los acontecimientos vividos durante la Transición Española. Cuatro elementos generan una tensión permanente, que el gobierno de UCD no va a lograr contener: los problemas derivados de la crisis económica, las dificultades para articular una nueva organización territorial del Estado, las acciones terroristas protagonizadas por ETA y la resistencia de ciertos sectores del ejército a aceptar un sistema democrático.
Operación Galaxia [editar]
Artículo principal: Operación Galaxia
Los primeros síntomas de malestar en el ejército tienen lugar en abril de 1977, cuando con motivo de la legalización del PCE, el día 9 de ese mismo mes, Sábado Santo, dimite el almirante Pita da Veiga, ministro de Marina y el Consejo Superior del Ejército emite una nota en la que manifiesta su disconformidad con dicha legalización, aunque la acate. En noviembre de 1978 tiene lugar la desarticulación de la Operación Galaxia, una intentona golpista, por la cual su principal responsable, Antonio Tejero, será condenado a siete meses de prisión.
Crisis [editar]
Mientras crece la voluntad golpista en sectores del ejército y de la extrema derecha, el gobierno progresa en el inicio de la década hacia una profunda crisis, que durante 1980 se volverá cada vez más insostenible. Entre los principales acontecimientos destacan la dimisión del ministro de Cultura, Manuel Clavero el 15 de enero, la remodelación del gobierno el 3 de mayo, la moción de censura presentada contra Adolfo Suárez por parte del PSOE los días 28-30 de mayo, la dimisión el 22 de julio del vicepresidente del Gobierno, Fernando Abril Martorell, que produce una nueva remodelación en septiembre, y la elección en octubre de Miguel Herrero y Rodríguez de Miñón como portavoz del grupo parlamentario centrista, candidato alternativo al oficial (Santiago Rodríguez-Miranda) promovido por Suárez.
Dimisión de Suárez [editar]
La debilidad creciente de Suárez en el seno de su propio partido, propicia la presentación de su dimisión como presidente del Gobierno y de UCD el 29 de enero de 1981, en una intervención televisiva, tras la cual, los acontecimientos van a precipitarse. El 1 de febrero, el Colectivo "Almendros" publica en El Alcázar un artículo claramente golpista; del 2 al 4 de febrero, los reyes viajan al País Vasco y visitan la Casa de Juntas de Guernica, donde los diputados de Herri Batasuna les reciben con un fuerte abucheo y varios incidentes, y el 6 de febrero aparece asesinado el ingeniero de la central nuclear de Lemóniz, José María Ryan, secuestrado unos días antes, mientras se sigue sin noticias de otro industrial secuestrado, Luis Suñer.
En medio de este tenso clima, se ponen en marcha los procesos de sustitución de Suárez. Entre los días 6 y 9 de febrero tiene también lugar el II Congreso de UCD en Mallorca, donde el partido aparece descompuesto y es elegido como presidente Agustín Rodríguez Sahagún, y el día 10, Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo es nombrado candidato a presidente del Gobierno.
Sesión de investidura [editar]
En este enrarecido escenario, el día 18, Calvo-Sotelo presentaba su gobierno, pero en la votación del día 20 no obtuvo la mayoría necesaria para la investidura, por lo que debía producirse una nueva votación el día 23, día que elegirían los golpistas para su tentativa de golpe de Estado. Una tentativa en la que iban a confluir las voluntades de un golpe duro, promovido por el capitán general Jaime Milans del Bosch y uno blando promovido por el general Alfonso Armada, en aquel momento hombre de confianza del Rey.
El asalto al Congreso de los Diputados [editar]
Congreso de los Diputados.
En el golpe del día 23 coinciden las distintas tramas golpistas que operaban desde el inicio de la Transición, mediante una acción coordinada. A las seis en punto de la tarde empieza la votación nominal para la investidura de Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo como Presidente del Gobierno de España. A las 18:22 horas, cuando iba a emitir su voto el diputado socialista Manuel Núñez Encabo, se inicia la operación "Duque de Ahumada", en referencia al fundador de la Guardia Civil. Según el plan trazado, un grupo de guardias civiles, metralleta en mano, irrumpe en el hemiciclo del Congreso de los Diputados encabezados por el teniente coronel Antonio Tejero. Éste, desde la tribuna, gritó "¡Quieto todo el mundo!" y dio orden de que todos se tirasen al suelo.
Como militar de más alta graduación allí presente y como vicepresidente del gobierno, el teniente general Gutiérrez Mellado se levantó y, dirigiéndose al teniente coronel Tejero, increpó a los asaltantes, pidiendo explicaciones y ordenándoles que depusieran las armas. Tras un brevísimo forcejeo y para reafirmar su orden, Tejero efectúa un disparo que es seguido por unas ráfagas de los subfusiles de los asaltantes. Sin inmutarse, con los brazos en jarras, el anciano general soporta el sonido de las armas. Mientras la mayor parte de los diputados han obedecido las órdenes de Tejero, el diputado Carrillo y el presidente Suárez se mantienen sentados en sus escaños. Suárez incluso hace un gesto para ayudar a Gutiérrez Mellado. Durante el asalto, un ayudante de uno de los diputados sufrió un ataque de ansiedad y golpeó a un presente en la nariz.
Grabado en directo [editar]
Pedro Francisco Martín, operador de Televisión Española, grabó casi media hora del momento, aportando al mundo un documento audiovisual de valor incalculable sobre la tentativa de golpe de estado. Con la toma del Hemiciclo y el secuestro de los poderes ejecutivo y legislativo, se intentaba conseguir el llamado "vacío de poder", sobre el cual se pretendía generar un nuevo poder político. Más tarde, cinco de los diputados fueron separados del resto: el aún presidente del Gobierno, Adolfo Suárez González, el ministro de Defensa y presidente de UCD, Agustín Rodríguez Sahagún, el líder de la oposición, el socialista Felipe González Márquez, el segundo en la lista del PSOE, Alfonso Guerra, y el líder del Partido Comunista de España, Santiago Carrillo. Aquella noche es recordada como "la noche de los transistores", debido a que la Cadena SER siguió emitiendo y una buena parte de la población la pasó pegado a la radio siguiendo los acontecimientos.
Sublevación en Valencia [editar]
Poco después y siguiendo el plan previsto, se sublevó en Valencia el Capitán General de la III Región Militar, Jaime Milans del Bosch, quien sacó algunas compañías de carros de combate a la calle, desde el puerto de Valencia hasta el centro de la ciudad, donde apuntaban a los edificios institucionales, como el Ayuntamiento o las Cortes valencianas. Declaró el Estado de excepción e intentó convencer a otros militares de secundar la acción. En aquella noche la ciudad estaba rodeada de militares con tanques y otros camiones del ejército que habían salido de las bases de Bétera y Paterna.
Gobierno provisional de subsecretarios [editar]
A las nueve de la noche, un comunicado del Ministerio del Interior informaba de la constitución de un gobierno provisional con los subsecretarios de todos los ministerios, presidido por Francisco Laína director de la Seguridad del Estado, para asegurar la gobernación del Estado y en estrecho contacto con la Junta de Jefes de Estado Mayor. Entretanto, otro general golpista, Torres Rojas, fracasaba en su intento de suplantar en el mando de la División Acorazada Brunete al general Juste, jefe de la misma, abortándose la pretensión de ocupar los puntos estratégicos de la capital, entre ellos la sede de Radio y Televisión, y la difusión de un comunicado relatando el éxito del golpe.
Negativa del Rey [editar]
La negativa del Rey a apoyar el golpe permitió abortarlo a lo largo de la noche. El propio monarca (en tanto Sabino Fernandez Campo y Alfonso Armada Comín jugaban al gato y al ratón) se aseguró mediante gestiones personales y de sus colaboradores la fidelidad de los mandos militares, aunque algunas fueran ambiguas como por ejemplo la respuesta del Capitán General de Baleares Manuel De La Torre Pascual (amigo personal de Pedro Mas Oliver, Teniente Coronel Ayudante de campo de Milans del Bosch) al Presidente del entonces ente balear pre-autonómico (CGI) Jeronimo Alberti: Estamos atentos pero tranquilos, aunque dispuestos a sacar las tropas a la calle, si la situación lo requiere. También destacó la actitud del presidente de la Generalidad de Cataluña, Jordi Pujol, quien poco antes de las diez de la noche transmitía a toda España por las emisoras de Radio Nacional y Radio Exterior una alocución donde llamaba a la tranquilidad. Hasta la una de la noche tuvieron lugar gestiones desde el Hotel Palace, en los alrededores del Congreso, lugar elegido como centro de operaciones por el general Aramburu Topete, entonces Director General de la Guardia Civil y el general Sáenz de Santa María, a su vez Director General de la Policía Nacional.
El monarca también contó con la ayuda de Sabino Fernández Campo, en aquel momento Secretario General de la Casa del Rey, y que ayudó al Rey realizando llamadas a diversos sectores militares como capitanías generales, estado mayor, etc.
La actitud de Armada [editar]
Por allí también deambuló el general Alfonso Armada, parte del plan golpista, quien pretendía sibilinamente, simulando negociar con los asaltantes, proponerse como solución de compromiso. Su secreto plan de golpe emulando al general francés De Gaulle, fracasa al negarse Tejero a que presidiera un gobierno del que también formarían parte socialistas y comunistas. Más tarde, descubiertos sus planes, sería relevado de su puesto de Segundo Jefe del Estado Mayor del Ejército por su implicación en la trama golpista.
A la medianoche, Alfonso Armada se presentó en el Congreso con un doble objetivo: convencer al teniente coronel Tejero para que depusiera su actitud y asumir él mismo el papel de jefe del Gobierno a las órdenes del Rey, en actitud claramente anticonstitucional. Pero Armada, siendo la "autoridad competente" esperada por Tejero no le propone una junta militar presidida por Milans, o un gobierno en el que Milans fuera ministro de defensa, sino una lista de políticos de todos los partidos, incluido el comunista, que formarían un gobierno de concentración presidido por él. "Yo no he asaltado el Congreso para esto" le respondió airadamente Tejero. Tras una agria discusión, el teniente coronel despachó violentamente al general Armada sin dejar que se dirigirse a los diputados. Perdida toda opción sobre su "solución", Armada salió del palacio de las cortes refiriéndose a Tejero: "este hombre está completamente loco".
Intervención televisiva del Rey [editar]
Sobre la una de la madrugada del día 24 de febrero, el Rey intervino en televisión, vestido con uniforme de Capitán General de los Ejércitos para situarse contra los golpistas, defender la Constitución española, llamar al orden a las Fuerzas Armadas en su calidad de Comandante en Jefe y desautorizar a Milans del Bosch. A partir de ese momento el golpe se da por fracasado. Milans del Bosch, aislado, canceló sus planes a las cinco de la mañana y fue arrestado, mientras que Tejero resistió hasta el mediodía del 24. Sin embargo, ya durante la mañana del día 24 fueron liberados los diputados.
Reacciones internacionales [editar]
Nada más producirse el asalto al Congreso, el golpe fue condenado con toda dureza por los países de la Comunidad Económica Europea (más tarde, Unión Europea), con quienes España estaba negociando una adhesión que se produciría finalmente en 1986. De entre todos los estados miembros conviene destacar por su energía la protesta del Reino Unido y especialmente la entonces Primera Ministra, Margaret Thatcher, que calificó la sublevación militar como "un acto terrorista".
Estados Unidos [editar]
Por su parte, Estados Unidos se mantuvo oficialmente neutral en cuanto al proceso. Sin embargo, durante el juicio, Tejero afirmó que "tanto el gobierno de EE.UU. como el Vaticano habían sido sondeados por el general Armada". Tras la entrada de Tejero en el Hemiciclo, el Secretario de Estado norteamericano, el general Alexander Haig, se limitó a decir que "El asalto al Congreso de los Diputados es un asunto interno de los españoles",1 lo que le valió severas críticas internacionales. Una vez fracasado el golpe Estados Unidos cambió el tono de sus declaraciones radicalmente: "Tenemos que congratularnos de que en España haya triunfado la democracia".2
Vaticano [editar]
Según Santiago Carrillo, el Vaticano "también conocía lo que iba a pasar". El día 23 el episcopado español se encontraba reunido en asamblea plenaria, pero no realizó declaraciones hasta el día 24, cuando condenó el golpe ya fracasado. También según Carrillo, un asistente a la asamblea, que no era obispo sino cura, trató de conseguir que ese mismo día la asamblea hiciera una declaración contra el golpe y a favor de la Constitución, pero no lo logró.3
El juicio y las consecuencias del golpe [editar]
Tras el golpe quedaron algunos interrogantes, especialmente referidos al papel que jugó cada uno de los principales golpistas y especialmente a las intenciones y apoyos de Armada. Las consecuencias más destacadas fueron el inicio de un proceso de involución autonómica con la aprobación de la Ley Orgánica de Armonización del Proceso Autonómico (LOAPA), posteriormente declarada parcialmente inconstitucional, y que la monarquía salió poderosamente reforzada entre la población y los medios políticos.
En el juicio seguido con posterioridad ante el Consejo Supremo de Justicia Militar, conocido como el Juicio de Campamento fueron condenados a 30 años de reclusión, como principales responsables del golpe de estado, Milans del Bosch, Alfonso Armada y Antonio Tejero Molina.
La trama civil del golpe nunca fue investigada de modo riguroso, siendo el único civil condenado el ex dirigente de los Sindicatos Verticales de la dictadura franquista Juan García Carrés.
El papel del CESID [editar]
Asimismo, no ha sido suficientemente aclarado el papel desempeñado por el comandante del entonces denominado CESID, hoy Centro Nacional de Inteligencia, José Luis Cortina, absuelto en el juicio por falta de pruebas, si bien el capitán Gómez Iglesias, un subordinado suyo, fue condenado por organizar la llegada de los guardias civiles asaltantes al Congreso utilizando vehículos, placas de matricula falsas y equipos de transmisiones pertenecientes a la escuela de agentes operativos del CESID.
Tres meses antes del golpe de estado del 23-F, el CESID avisó al presidente del Gobierno y a algunos de sus ministros de una serie de operaciones en fase de maduración para torcer el curso de los acontecimientos políticos.... Pero el plan del que se daban más detalles –y al que los autores del documento concedían un alto grado de viabilidad e incluso le ponían fecha: primavera de 1981- consistía en forzar la dimisión de Adolfo Suárez como jefe del Gobierno y asegurar el apoyo parlamentario de UCD y PSOE a un nuevo presidente, que sería “un general con respaldo, pero no protagonismo político, del resto de la estructura militar”, a fin de configurar un “Gobierno de gestión o de salvación nacional”.4
Por su parte, el general Carlos Alvarado confesó tras la prescripción de los delitos juzgados por el 23-F su participación en el intento de golpe de estado.5
Descripción de los delitos juzgados por el 23-F su participación en el intento de golpe de estado.5
El "Elefante Blanco"
La identidad del popularmente conocido como "Elefante Blanco", el militar promotor del golpe al que Tejero esperaba en el Congreso para hacerse cargo del gobierno y que nunca apareció, no ha trascendido y sigue siendo un misterio. Entre los nombres apuntados se encuentran los de Alfonso Armada o Milans del Bosch,7 partícipes conocidos en el golpe. Según otras personas, tales como Manuel Gutiérrez Mellado el elefante blanco era el general De Santiago8
Los treinta condenados en el juicio fueron los siguientes:
Miembros de las Fuerzas Armadas
Jaime Milans del Bosch y Ussía. Teniente General y Capitán General de la III Región Militar. Condenado a 30 años.
Alfonso Armada y Comyn. General de División y 2º Jefe del Estado Mayor del Ejército de Tierra. Condenado a 6 años, ampliada a 30 por el Tribunal Supremo (TS), indultado en 1988.
Luis Torres Rojas. General de División y Gobernador Militar de La Coruña. Condenado a 6 años, ampliada 12 por el Tribunal Supremo (TS), indultado en 1988.
Diego Ibáñez Inglés. Coronel de Ingenieros y 2º Jefe de Estado Mayor de la III Región Militar. Condenado a 5 años, ampliada a 10 por el TS.
José Ignacio San Martín López. Coronel de Artillería y Jefe de Estado Mayor de la División Acorazada Brunete. Condenado a 6 años, ampliada a 10 por el TS.
Pedro Mas Oliver. Teniente Coronel de Infantería. Condenado a 6 años.
Camilo Menéndez Vives. Capitán de Navío de la Armada. Condenado a 1 año.
Ricardo Pardo Zancada. Comandante de Infantería. Condenado a 6 años, ampliada a 12 por el TS, indultado en 1989.
Carlos Alvárez-Arenas y Pardina. Capitán de Infantería. 3 años de suspensión de empleo.
José Pascual Gálvez. Capitán de Infantería. 3 años de suspensión de empleo.
Francisco Dusmet García-Figueras. Capitán de Infantería. 2 años de suspensión de empleo.
José Cid Fortea. Capitán de Intendencia. 2 años de suspensión de empleo.
Miembros de la Guardia Civil
Miguel Manchado García. Coronel. Condenado a 6 años, ampliada a 8 por el TS.
Antonio Tejero Molina. Teniente Coronel. Condenado a 30 años.
Vicente Gómez Iglesias. Capitán. Condenado a 6 años.
Jesús Muñecas Aguilar. Capitán. Condenado a 5 años.
José Luis Abad Gutiérrez. Capitán. Condenado a 5 años.
Enrique Bobis González. Capitán. Condenado a 3 años.
Francisco Acera Martín. Capitán. Condenado a 3 años.
Carlos Lázaro Corthay. Capitán. 3 años de suspensión de empleo.
Juan Pérez de la Lastra. Capitán. 3 años de suspensión de empleo.
César Alvárez Fernández. Teniente. Condenado a 1 año.
Pedro Izquierdo Sánchez. Teniente. Condenado a 1 año.
Vicente Ramos Rueda. Teniente. Condenado a 1 año.
Santiago Vecino Núñez. Teniente. Condenado a 1 año.
Miguel Boza Carranco. Teniente. Condenado a 1 año.
Jesús Alonso Hernaiz. Teniente. Condenado a 1 año.
José Núñez Ruano. Teniente. 1 año de suspensión de empleo.
Vicente Carricondo Sánchez. Teniente. 1 año de suspensión de empleo.
Civiles
Juan García Carrés. ex dirigente de los Sindicatos Verticales franquistas. Condenado a 2 años.
Véase también
Arnold Belchman Anti - Comunista fallece en Pasadena
Arnold Beichman, Staunch Anti-Communist, Dies
Sunday, 21 Feb 2010 09:21 PM Article Font Size
Arnold Beichman, columnist for The Washington Times and well-known anti-communist scholar, died on Feb. 17. He was 96.
Mr. Beichman died peacefully in Pasadena, Calif., surrounded by his family, his son Charles Beichman said. "He greatly loved The Washington Times and was enormously proud of the paper and the opportunities it afforded him to express his thoughts," he said.
Mr. Beichman's career in public life brought him into contact with some of the most important and colorful figures of 20th century, including Harry S. Truman, John F. Kennedy, Hubert H. Humphrey, Irving Kristol, Walter Winchell, Milton Friedman, Vietnamese leader Ngo Dinh Diem, Bill Casey and George W. Bush.
Born on May 17, 1913, in New York City, Mr. Beichman, the son of a Yiddish-speaking storekeeper, studied at Columbia College, where he edited the college newspaper, Spectator, and graduated in 1934.
During his newspaper career, he wrote for the New York Times as a free-lance reporter, and was on the staff of Newsday and during the 1940s, the leftist daily newspaper PM, where he eventually became city editor.
He was among the first reporters to chronicle the Warsaw ghetto uprising in Poland and later interviewed some of the first survivors from the World War II and Holocaust.
During the 1950s, he went to work for several publications associated with anti-communist labor unions and wrote frequently for the New Leader, and the Christian Science Monitor.
By the 1960s, he traveled frequently around the world as a reporter and free-trade union representative. During that period, Mr. Beichman reported from Vietnam for the New York Herald Tribune and also from Congo for Newsweek.
"Arnold was a nonpareil in the history of communist subversion around the world," said Arnaud de Borchgrave, editor at large of The Times. "Indefatigable, he roamed the world as a journalist exposing the clandestine activities of the Comintern as it sought to undermine democracy, and co-opt decolonization."
He earned a master's degree at Columbia in 1967 and a doctoral degree there in 1973, and then became a professor at the University of Massachusetts in Boston.
In 1972 he wrote the book, "Nine Lies About America," a critique of the radical anti-American movement at the time. He also lectured at Georgetown University, and spent a year as a visiting professor at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver in 1974.
In 1981, he became a research fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University where he spent the next 22 years. It was during this period that he began writing the scores of columns for The Times.
His knowledge of communism and it practitioners was comprehensive. During a 1988 visit to the Soviet Union with a group of American news reporters, Mr. Beichman often upset state-run tourist guides by frequently adding to their biographies of past Soviet leaders by pointing out those that had been purged and killed under Joseph Stalin.
"Arnold's great issue was anti-communism," said John Podhoretz, editor of Commentary magazine. "It was the animating intellectual and political force in his life, and he was wise and tough and immensely knowledgeable and completely without illusions and totally without fear of the views of those who claimed his passion was vulgar and overheated.
"He knew evil when he saw it and he called it by its name, and he was as astonished as anyone when the evil against which he had fought for so long crumbled to dust in 1989," Mr. Podhoretz stated in a tribute published on the Commentary Web site.
Mr. Beichman is survived by his wife, Carroll, two sons, Charles Beichman of Pasadena and John Beichman of Waterville, Maine; a daughter, Jeanine Beichman of Tsukuba, Japan; six grandchildren; and one great-grandchild.
Sunday, 21 Feb 2010 09:21 PM Article Font Size
Arnold Beichman, columnist for The Washington Times and well-known anti-communist scholar, died on Feb. 17. He was 96.
Mr. Beichman died peacefully in Pasadena, Calif., surrounded by his family, his son Charles Beichman said. "He greatly loved The Washington Times and was enormously proud of the paper and the opportunities it afforded him to express his thoughts," he said.
Mr. Beichman's career in public life brought him into contact with some of the most important and colorful figures of 20th century, including Harry S. Truman, John F. Kennedy, Hubert H. Humphrey, Irving Kristol, Walter Winchell, Milton Friedman, Vietnamese leader Ngo Dinh Diem, Bill Casey and George W. Bush.
Born on May 17, 1913, in New York City, Mr. Beichman, the son of a Yiddish-speaking storekeeper, studied at Columbia College, where he edited the college newspaper, Spectator, and graduated in 1934.
During his newspaper career, he wrote for the New York Times as a free-lance reporter, and was on the staff of Newsday and during the 1940s, the leftist daily newspaper PM, where he eventually became city editor.
He was among the first reporters to chronicle the Warsaw ghetto uprising in Poland and later interviewed some of the first survivors from the World War II and Holocaust.
During the 1950s, he went to work for several publications associated with anti-communist labor unions and wrote frequently for the New Leader, and the Christian Science Monitor.
By the 1960s, he traveled frequently around the world as a reporter and free-trade union representative. During that period, Mr. Beichman reported from Vietnam for the New York Herald Tribune and also from Congo for Newsweek.
"Arnold was a nonpareil in the history of communist subversion around the world," said Arnaud de Borchgrave, editor at large of The Times. "Indefatigable, he roamed the world as a journalist exposing the clandestine activities of the Comintern as it sought to undermine democracy, and co-opt decolonization."
He earned a master's degree at Columbia in 1967 and a doctoral degree there in 1973, and then became a professor at the University of Massachusetts in Boston.
In 1972 he wrote the book, "Nine Lies About America," a critique of the radical anti-American movement at the time. He also lectured at Georgetown University, and spent a year as a visiting professor at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver in 1974.
In 1981, he became a research fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University where he spent the next 22 years. It was during this period that he began writing the scores of columns for The Times.
His knowledge of communism and it practitioners was comprehensive. During a 1988 visit to the Soviet Union with a group of American news reporters, Mr. Beichman often upset state-run tourist guides by frequently adding to their biographies of past Soviet leaders by pointing out those that had been purged and killed under Joseph Stalin.
"Arnold's great issue was anti-communism," said John Podhoretz, editor of Commentary magazine. "It was the animating intellectual and political force in his life, and he was wise and tough and immensely knowledgeable and completely without illusions and totally without fear of the views of those who claimed his passion was vulgar and overheated.
"He knew evil when he saw it and he called it by its name, and he was as astonished as anyone when the evil against which he had fought for so long crumbled to dust in 1989," Mr. Podhoretz stated in a tribute published on the Commentary Web site.
Mr. Beichman is survived by his wife, Carroll, two sons, Charles Beichman of Pasadena and John Beichman of Waterville, Maine; a daughter, Jeanine Beichman of Tsukuba, Japan; six grandchildren; and one great-grandchild.
Monday, February 22, 2010
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Galeria ZU Viernes Culturales Febrero 26 -2010

ARMANDO TEJUCA
TE ESPERAMOS !!!
Viernes Culturales
Zu Galeria Fine Arts invites you to spend this coming Friday night among art and friends. Stop by, enjoy our many works of original art, and have some wine in our patio.
Friday, February 26, 2010, 8pm to 11pm
Zu Galeria Fine Arts
2248 SW 8th Street
Miami, Fl 33135
786-443-5872
www.zugaleria.blogspot.com
Ofrenda con musica, 13 x 23, Acrylic by Armando Tejuca
Proximamente
Currently exhibiting Personajes Pendientes, Armando Tejuca's solo exhibit.
New works by Karin Aldrey, Maru Antuñano,
Helier Batista, Miguel Angel Baez,
Elvira de las Casas, Dora Fiser, Liliana Folta,
Arnaldo Ladron de Guevara, Lapitu,
Evelio Lecour, Noel Leon, Salvador Lorenzo,
Tony Nuñez, Marta Ramos, Candida Rodriguez, Santos, Leonardo Severo, Nora Serviño, and
Roberto Wong.
Sunday, February 21, 2010
Rene Villarreal y Ernest Hemingway

Imagen del Dia
El año que celebraron el Centenario del nacimiento
del escritor Ernest HemingwayJuly 21, 1899 no
invitaron al antiguo director del Museo Hemmingway
Rene Villareal. Conoci a Rene Villarreal a mediados de
los sesenta. En aquella epoca el administraba el museo
y generosamente daba el tour. Este energetico cubano
derrochaba energia, entusiasmo y profesionalidad.
?Como habia llegado Rene Villarreal a la vida del laureado
novelista ?. Un penoso accidente habia enlazado las vidas
de Don Ernesto y Villarreal. Las varias veces que visite
el lugar, Villarreal mantenia el mismo entusiamo. Un dia
llegue al lugar , y Rene habia desaparecido. Tiempo
despues alguien me comentaba que lo habian visto en
New Jersey , dueño de una tienda de efectos religiosos
y que estaba muy bien. La persona no supo darme el con-
tacto de Rene, perdiendo los cubanos del exilio el haber
podido celebrar el Centenario de Hemingway, con una
de las personalidades que por vivir en la intimidad de la
casa de San Francisco de Paula podia compartir inumera-
bles anecdotas que solo se pueden experimentar en la
intimidad. Finalmente Rene el pasado año logro publicar
un libro. Todos los cubanos debemos obtener el libro
antes de que se agote. Apoyar a Rene es apoyarnos
mutuamente =,
Mis recuerdos del tour de Rene Villareal
a mediados de los sesenta
Las fotos de Ingrid Bergman (29 August 1915) lanzadas
a la piscina por Martha
Las tumba de negrita
La torre no usada
La leona asesina
Los nombres de los gatos
Los visitantes de la Vinca la Vigia
Gary Cooper en Habana
El caseron adjunto y las obras valiosas de la familia
Rene Villareal
Rene Villarreal ha tenido la gran idea
de compartir con nosotros
el caudal de informacion que optubo
en los años vividos junto a Hemmingway
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